Bioscience glossary
B cells
Small white
blood cells assist the body in fighting infection. They evolve into plasma
cells, which create antibodies, and are formed in the bone marrow. B
lymphocytes are another name for these cells.
Bacillus
A huge
bacterial family with a rod-like form. They include germs that cause food to
spoil as well as bacteria that cause certain diseases. Bacillus bacteria are
employed to generate antibiotics and colonize the human gastrointestinal tract
and help digestion.
Bacillus
thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis)
A type of soil
bacteria that contains the genes for the Bt toxins, a class of insecticides. Bt
toxins are produced differently by different strains of the bacteria. This
bacterium is used by some organic farmers as an alternative to using chemicals
to manage pest insects. Cotton plants have had the genes for Bt toxins
genetically modified into them, allowing them to generate the pesticides.
Bacteria
Microscopes
are required to see tiny, one-celled organisms that are found throughout the
environment. Bacteria can live as free-living creatures or as parasitic
organisms (dependent upon another organism for life). Although not all germs
are hazardous, some do cause illness. Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, Hemophilus
influenza, and pneumococcus are examples of bacterial diseases (pneumonia).
Balanced diet
The overall
dietary pattern of foods ingested that offer all of the required nutrients in
the optimum levels to support life functions, such as child growth, without causing
excessive weight gain.
Bark
Outside of the
cambium, a tree's outer protective layer consists of the inner and outer bark.
The inner bark is a layer of living bark that separates the outer bark from the
cambium and is generally soft and wet in a living tree. The outer bark is a
layer of dead bark that covers the tree stem's outside surface. Frequently, the
outer bark is dry and corky.
Base
Adenine,
cytosine, thymine, and guanine are four types of simple molecules or
nucleotides that make up the subunits (building blocks) of DNA and RNA.
The
foundational sequence
The nucleotide
base order in a DNA molecule.
Bioavailability
The rate and
extent to which medicine or nutritional supplement is absorbed into the
bloodstream, allowing access to the auction site. The concentration in body
fluids, mainly blood, or the amplitude of the pharmacological response.
Biodegradable product
It refers to a
product determined by the Secretary of Agriculture to be a commercial or
industrial product (other than food or feed) that is made up entirely or
substantially of biological products or renewable domestic agricultural
materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials) or forestry
materials, as defined by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act.
Biochemical transformation
The process of
producing fuels and chemicals from organic materials through fermentation or
anaerobic digestion.
Biodiesel
Vegetable or
animal fats are used to make fuel. When a vegetable oil or animal fat chemically
interacts with alcohol, it produces it. the pharmacological reactions used to
determine the dosage. Expressed as a percentage of a given dose.
Biodiversity
A region's or
the world's entirety of genes, species, and ecosystems.
Bioenergy
1. Energy
derived from organic matter that is useful and renewable. 2. The conversion of
organic matter's complex polysaccharides to energy. Organic matter can be used
as a fuel directly, converted into liquids and gases, or left behind as a
byproduct of processing and conversion.
Biofuels
Biofuels are
fuels derived from biomass resources or derivatives of their processing and
conversion. Ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol are examples of biofuels.
Biogas
Biogas is a
flammable gas produced by the anaerobic decomposition of biological waste.
Biogas usually has a methane content of 50-60%.
Biogeography
is the scientific study of organisms' geographic distribution.
Bioinformatics
is a branch of computer science that deals with the management and
analysis of biological data. Bioinformatics is especially useful as a
supplement to genomic research, which creates a significant amount of
complicated data involving hundreds of thousands of genes and DNA sequences.
Biological Attack
The
intentional release of germs or other biological substances that have the
potential to make people sick.
Biology Plausibility
A causal
relationship (or relationship between two elements) that is supported by
medical evidence.
Biological Resources
Biodiversity components that are directly, indirectly, or
potentially useful to humans.
A biomarker is a type of marker that indicates the presence
of a disease or a risk of developing one. Blood cholesterol, for example, is a
biomarker for heart disease risk.
Biomass is any organic stuff generated by plants. Herbaceous
and woody energy crops, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop
wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, and other waste
materials, including some municipal wastes, are all examples of biomass that
can be used for energy on a long-term basis. Biomass is a chemically complex
and heterogeneous renewable resource. Phyto mass, tender mass, zoomass, waste
(domestic and industrial waste), biodegradable materials, residue-sourced
materials, recycled materials, food production residues, agricultural residues,
animal residues, vegetable residues, biomass materials, and innovative waste
materials are just a few of the terms used to describe biomass (poultry litter,
coffee residues, mustard husks, and spice waste).
Biomass processing leftovers
Byproducts of
all types of biomass processing with high energy potential. Solid wood products
and log pulp, for example, result in bark, shavings, sawdust, and spent pulping
liquors. These residues can be convenient and relatively inexpensive sources of
biomass for energy because they are already collected at the point of
processing.
Biome is a large component of a region's living habitat that
is defined by its unique vegetation and maintained by local climatic
conditions.
Biopharming
Pharmaceuticals,
such as consumable vaccinations and antibodies, are produced in plants or
domestic animals.
Biopower
is the use of biomass as a fuel to generate electricity or heat through direct
combustion, gasification, and then combustion of the resulting gas, or other
thermal conversion processes. Engines, turbines, fuel cells, and other
equipment are used to create electricity.
Biorefinery is a facility that processes and converts
biomass into value-added products, such as biomaterials, fuels like ethanol,
and key feedstocks for the production of chemicals and other materials.
Biological,
social, and geographic elements, rather than geopolitical considerations,
define a bioregion.
Plants and
microorganisms are used to consume or assist in the removal of items (such as
toxic chemical wastes and metals) from contaminated locations in bioremediation
(especially from soil and water). 2. A natural process in which bacteria or
other microorganisms break down a hazardous chemical, such as oil, into less
dangerous compounds to cure environmental concerns.
Biota refers to all of the creatures found in a certain
location, including animals, plants, fungi, and microbes.
1. A set of
biological procedures created through basic research and currently used in
product development and research. Recombinant DNA, cell fusion, and innovative
bioprocessing techniques are all examples of biotechnology. 2. Any
technological application that makes or modifies items or processes for a
specific user using biological systems, living creatures, or derivatives
thereof. 3. The application of living organisms or biological procedures
developed through fundamental research in the industrial sector. Antibiotics,
beer, cheese, insulin, interferon, recombinant DNA, and waste recycling are
examples of biotechnology products.
Biotechnology-derived
To generate
goods or impart specialized capabilities to plants or other living beings using
molecular biology and/or recombinant DNA technologies or in vitro gene
transfer.
Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism
is a type of terrorism that uses biological agents. The Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention has created a list of biological diseases and agents
that could be used in terrorism, and the list includes a large number of select
agents — potential weapons whose transfer in the scientific and medical
communities is regulated to keep them out of the hands of unfriendly people.
Blastocyst
About 150
cells in a preimplantation embryo. The blastocyst is made up of a sphere with
an exterior layer of cells (trophectoderm), a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel),
and a cluster of cells on the inside (the inner cell mass).
Blastocyst Division
When a
fertilized egg divides into a mass of 32 to 150 cells, it is said to be
fertilized.
Blastomeres Separation
Separation of
embryonic cells, known as blastomeres, for use in the production of several
genetically identical creatures.
Body mass index (BMI) is an indirect measure of body fat that is derived
by multiplying a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in
meters. [weight (lbs.)/(height in inches)2] x 703 = BMI = weight (kg)/height
(m2). BMI-for-age, which is used to measure underweight, overweight, and risk
of overweight in children and adolescents, is based on growth charts for age
and gender and is referred to as BMI-for-age.
Booster doses
Additional
vaccination doses are required regularly to "boost" the immune
system. Adults, for example, should get the tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine
every ten years.
Botanical
It's a
plant-based item.
Nanotechnology
from the ground up
Atom by atom
or molecule by molecule, organic and inorganic structures are built.
Botulism
It's a type of
food poisoning that causes muscle paralysis due to the nerve toxin botulinum
(botox), which is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a bovine disease
that is similar to sheep scrapie and is also known as mad cow disease. It's
assumed to be caused by a prion, or tiny protein, that changes the structure of
a normal brain protein, causing brain neuronal tissue to be destroyed.
Infection that
has made a breakthrough
Despite a
person's response to a vaccine, a disease develops.
Brucellosis
Fever, sweats,
malaise, weakness, anorexia, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and back pain are
all symptoms of Brucella, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria
Brucella.
Bt crops are genetically modified crops.
Crops that
have been genetically modified to carry a gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis
soil bacterium (Bt). Some pests are poisoned by the bacterium's proteins, while
humans and other animals are unaffected. Crops with the Bt gene can manufacture
the toxin, which protects the plant. Commercially available Bt crops include Bt
corn and Bt cotton.
Bt toxins
Bacillus
thuringiensis produces insecticidal proteins in the soil bacterium Bacillus
thuringiensis.
Buckminsterfullerene
A Bucky ball
is a spherical made up of 60 carbon atoms.
Zone of buffering
The territory
is on the outskirts of a protected area.
