Bioscience glossary(C)

 Bioscience glossary

 

Caffeic acid is a caffeic acid derivative.

As a yellow crystalline material, an acid is derived from coffee tannin.

Calorie

Food and beverage energy is measured in kilocalories.

Gene candidate

A gene whose function or location implies it may be involved in the development of a disease or a trait in a group of people.

Carbohydrate

Cellulosic, starches, and sugars are organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

black carbon

Elemental carbon in powdered form.

Carcinogen

A cancer-causing physical or chemical agent. It could be a mutagen or not.

Carotenoids

One of the most common types of pigments found in nature. These chemicals are mostly responsible for the color of red, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables, as well as many dark foods.

Carrier

A person who carries a recessive disease-causing gene mutation on one chromosome of a pair and a normal allele at the same locus on the other chromosome. It could also apply to someone who has a balanced chromosomal rearrangement. A carrier for cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia is an example.

chromosomal rearrangement carrier

This term refers to a person who has a chromosomal rearrangement in which the normal genetic material is present (or "balanced") but not in the regular 46 chromosome sequence.

a person who carries a mutant gene

Each gene is duplicated in every cell. One gene copy may be mutated (abnormal), while the other is "normal." The defective gene is said to be recessive to the other, correct copy of the gene if it is not expressed in the cells (leading in a certain trait or condition). A carrier for a mutation that causes a certain ailment is someone who has one proper gene copy and one flawed (recessive) gene copy. Carriers of a recessive gene mutation are normally unaffected, but they run the risk of transmitting the mutated gene on to their children.

Screening of the carrier

Individuals are tested to see if they are carriers of muted or faulted gene.

Frequency or carrier rate

The percentage of people in a population that have only one copy of a recessive gene mutation.

Testing of carriers (also known as carrier detection or heterozygote testing)

Individuals with a gene mutation for an autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive illness, or who have a chromosome rearrangement, are tested (translocation or inversion, for example).

Transporting capacity

The maximum number of persons or individuals of a specific species that a particular area of the environment can sustain indefinitely.

Catalyst

A material that lowers the activation energy of a chemical process, therefore increasing the pace of the reaction. The reaction has no effect on the material.

Gene with a causal effect

A gene that has been linked to the development of a specific hereditary disorder in a variant form. Causative genes cause monogenic genetic disorders. Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, and Huntington's illness are examples.

Cell

The fundamental unit of an animal body and the lowest category of life thought to be attainable. Most organisms are made up of several cells, each of which becomes specialised in order for the entire organism to operate effectively. Each body organ has different types of cells, and the nucleus, which contains chromosomes, or large coils of DNA, is at the core of each cell. DNA not only serves as a blueprint for a cell's production of proteins to carry out its role, but also as a design for the entire body.

Therapies based on cells

Treatments that cause stem cells to develop into the exact cell type needed to heal injured or depleted adult cell populations or tissues.

Cell culture is a technique for cultivating cells in a lab.

Cell division is the process by which cells divide.

The process through which cells multiply during tissue or organ development.

Cellulose

Carbohydrate that makes up the majority of wood and other biomass. The wood cells' structural framework is made up of it.

Diversity's epicentre

A geographical area having a lot of genetic or species variety.

Varieties in personality

Under conditions where humanity's influence on the ecosystem is no higher than that of any other biotic element, the pattern of distribution and abundance of populations, species, and habitats.

Chelation

It employs an agent, such as the chemical compound EDTA, to wrap or bind the minerals in amino acids and remove heavy metals from the body.

Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is a coatings deposition technology in which chemicals are vaporised and then deposited using an inert carrier gas like nitrogen.

Chips

Wood fragments that have been chopped or fractured by mechanical means. Wood, bark, and leaves are all included in total tree chips. Clean chips, also known as pulp chips, are free of bark and vegetation.

Chorion

The placenta develops from the chorion. Chorionic cells share the same genetic make-up as foetal cells. During a prenatal diagnostic test termed CVS, cells from the chorion are taken (chorionic villus sampling).

CVS stands for chorionic villus sampling, which is the genetic testing of a small tissue sample taken from outside the sac where the foetus develops.

Chromatography is a physical separation procedure in which the components to be separated are divided into two phases (or media), one of which is fixed and the other travels in a certain direction.

Chromosome

The self-replicating genetic structure of cells, made up of a strand of coiled DNA. Each animal cell (excluding red blood cells) has at least one chromosome in its nucleus, and the number of chromosomes in each cell varies by animal. Humans have 23 chromosomal pairs, including the sex chromosomes (two X chromosomes for females versus an X and a Y chromosome for males). Chromosomes are held together by chromatin proteins.

a long-term health problem

A chronic health condition, such as cancer or asthma, that lasts for a long time.

Class

A taxonomic category that exists between the phylum and the order.

Clinical genetics is a branch of medicine focused with identifying and mitigating the risks of acquiring a genetically based illness in people and families.

Trials in the clinic

Controlled trials with a specified set of patients who have been screened and meet strict inclusion criteria.

Clone 1. A genetically identical organism formed without the need of sexual reproduction. 2. A collection of genes, cells, or creatures that all share a common ancestor. Each clone has the same genetic makeup.

Cloning is the process of creating a collection of genetically identical genes, cells, or organisms from a common ancestor.

Clostridium

A type of anaerobic bacterium that can survive without oxygen. It contains bacteria that cause botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus.

Clostridium perfringens is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium per fringe

A type of bacteria that is the most prevalent cause of gas gangrene and can also cause food poisoning and necrotizing colitis, a severe form of bowel illness.