BIOSCIENCE GLOSSARY(D)

 

BIOSCIENCE GLOSSARY(D)

 

Demography

The pace of population increases and age structure, as well as the processes that govern these characteristics.

Diabetes

Any of a number of metabolic illnesses that alter the body's usage of blood sugars to regulate fluid intake and excretion.

Diagnosis Tests

Testing to confirm or rule out a known or suspected genetic problem in a symptomatic individual, or to rule out a genetic condition in a fetus at risk.

Dietary intakes

A phrase that refers to a set of values that define the dosages that should be used.

Diet Supplement

In the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, Congress defined a nutritional augment as a product taken by mouth that contains a dietary element designed to supplement the diet. Vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, or dietary substances may be included in the dietary ingredients to supplement the diet and increase overall dietary intake. Concentrates, metabolites, components, and extracts are all examples of dietary supplements. Tablets, capsules, soft gels, gel caps, liquids, and powders may all contain them. They can also take different shapes, such as a bar; in this instance, the information on the label must not portray the product as a traditional food or as the sole component of a meal or diet.

Supplementary food

In the Nutritional Complement Health and Education Act of 1994, Congress defined the term as a product that is taken by mouth and contains a dietary element to supplement the diet. Vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, or dietary substances are examples of dietary additives that can be used to supplement the diet and increase total dietary consumption. Concentrates, metabolites, components, and extracts can all be used as dietary supplements. Tablets, capsules, soft gels, gel caps, liquids, and powders are some of the forms they come in. They can also take different shapes, such as a bar; in this instance, the information on the label must not portray the product as a traditional food or the single component of a meal or diet.

Differentiation

The transformation of an unspecialized early embryonic cell into a specialized cell like a heart, liver, or muscle cell.

Diode

The anode and cathode are two electrodes on a specialized electrical component.

Diphtheria

A bacterial infection that causes the creation of a fake membrane, often in the neck, and can lead to death.

Dip pen nanolithography is a soft lithography technology that uses capillary transport to transmit collections of molecules from an AFM tip to a surface to build nanostructures on a substrate of interest.

a filthy bomb

The use of ordinary explosives to disperse radioactive materials throughout a defined area. A dirty bomb, also known as a radiation attack, is a non-nuclear explosion that results in localized radioactive contamination.

Disease

Typical patient concerns and physical abnormalities are commonly associated with illness or disease.

Individuals that are immune to disease

Those who aren't sick but have a lot of risk factors have a lot of them.

Disease monitoring

The systematic collecting and analysis of data, as well as the dissemination of information, that leads to the prevention and control of a disease, usually one of an infectious origin.

Disintegration

The reduction in potency of a dietary supplement as a result of time and storage conditions while in storage (light, heat, moisture and air) Stable supplements have a low rate of disintegration, which allows for a longer expiration date, whereas others lose efficacy quickly.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that encodes genetic information and is found in all organisms and many viruses. DNA is a double-stranded molecule that is bound together by weak nucleotide base pairs. The bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) are found in DNA's four nucleotides (T). Base pairs exist solely between A and T and G and C in nature, therefore the base sequence of each single strand may be derived from the base sequence of the other.

DNA Chip

A microchip designed specifically to detect mutations or changes in a gene's DNA.

DNA Sequence

Whether in a piece of DNA, a gene, a chromosome, or the full genome, the relative order of base pairs in the DNA molecule.

DNA Sequencing

 

The process of understanding the nucleotide bases' exact order in a DNA molecule. The genetic code is that sequence.

Dominant

Each gene is duplicated in every cell. The mutation is classified as dominant when just one of the gene copies, or alleles, is mutated and the other allele is "right," but the person is affected by a disorder as a result of that mutation. The mutant gene is considered to be dominant over the gene's other, healthy copy. A person can be impacted by a condition or trait induced by a dominant gene mutation if just one of the genes is altered.

For a given trait, a dominant trait is a property specified by an allele that is expressed over all other alleles.

Helix with two strands

The DNA structure, which resembles a twisted ladder.

Dry state Nanotechnology

The creation of structures in carbon silicon and other inorganic materials is the focus of this branch of surface science and physical chemistry. Dry techniques, unlike wet technologies, allow the use of metals and semiconductors.

Dysplasia

Tissues or cells that develop or expand abnormally.