Bioscience glossary (B)

 

 Bioscience glossary 

B cells

Small white blood cells assist the body in fighting infection. They evolve into plasma cells, which create antibodies, and are formed in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes are another name for these cells.

Bacillus

A huge bacterial family with a rod-like form. They include germs that cause food to spoil as well as bacteria that cause certain diseases. Bacillus bacteria are employed to generate antibiotics and colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and help digestion.

Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis)

A type of soil bacteria that contains the genes for the Bt toxins, a class of insecticides. Bt toxins are produced differently by different strains of the bacteria. This bacterium is used by some organic farmers as an alternative to using chemicals to manage pest insects. Cotton plants have had the genes for Bt toxins genetically modified into them, allowing them to generate the pesticides.

Bacteria

Microscopes are required to see tiny, one-celled organisms that are found throughout the environment. Bacteria can live as free-living creatures or as parasitic organisms (dependent upon another organism for life). Although not all germs are hazardous, some do cause illness. Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, Hemophilus influenza, and pneumococcus are examples of bacterial diseases (pneumonia).

Balanced diet

The overall dietary pattern of foods ingested that offer all of the required nutrients in the optimum levels to support life functions, such as child growth, without causing excessive weight gain.

Bark

Outside of the cambium, a tree's outer protective layer consists of the inner and outer bark. The inner bark is a layer of living bark that separates the outer bark from the cambium and is generally soft and wet in a living tree. The outer bark is a layer of dead bark that covers the tree stem's outside surface. Frequently, the outer bark is dry and corky.

Base

Adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine are four types of simple molecules or nucleotides that make up the subunits (building blocks) of DNA and RNA.

The foundational sequence

The nucleotide base order in a DNA molecule.

Bioavailability

The rate and extent to which medicine or nutritional supplement is absorbed into the bloodstream, allowing access to the auction site. The concentration in body fluids, mainly blood, or the amplitude of the pharmacological response.

Biodegradable product

It refers to a product determined by the Secretary of Agriculture to be a commercial or industrial product (other than food or feed) that is made up entirely or substantially of biological products or renewable domestic agricultural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials) or forestry materials, as defined by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act.

Biochemical transformation

The process of producing fuels and chemicals from organic materials through fermentation or anaerobic digestion.

Biodiesel

Vegetable or animal fats are used to make fuel. When a vegetable oil or animal fat chemically interacts with alcohol, it produces it. the pharmacological reactions used to determine the dosage. Expressed as a percentage of a given dose.

Biodiversity

A region's or the world's entirety of genes, species, and ecosystems.

Bioenergy

1. Energy derived from organic matter that is useful and renewable. 2. The conversion of organic matter's complex polysaccharides to energy. Organic matter can be used as a fuel directly, converted into liquids and gases, or left behind as a byproduct of processing and conversion.

Biofuels

Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass resources or derivatives of their processing and conversion. Ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol are examples of biofuels.

Biogas

Biogas is a flammable gas produced by the anaerobic decomposition of biological waste. Biogas usually has a methane content of 50-60%.

Biogeography is the scientific study of organisms' geographic distribution.

Bioinformatics is a branch of computer science that deals with the management and analysis of biological data. Bioinformatics is especially useful as a supplement to genomic research, which creates a significant amount of complicated data involving hundreds of thousands of genes and DNA sequences.

Biological Attack

The intentional release of germs or other biological substances that have the potential to make people sick.

 Biology Plausibility

A causal relationship (or relationship between two elements) that is supported by medical evidence.

Biological Resources

Biodiversity components that are directly, indirectly, or potentially useful to humans.

A biomarker is a type of marker that indicates the presence of a disease or a risk of developing one. Blood cholesterol, for example, is a biomarker for heart disease risk.

Biomass is any organic stuff generated by plants. Herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants, and other waste materials, including some municipal wastes, are all examples of biomass that can be used for energy on a long-term basis. Biomass is a chemically complex and heterogeneous renewable resource. Phyto mass, tender mass, zoomass, waste (domestic and industrial waste), biodegradable materials, residue-sourced materials, recycled materials, food production residues, agricultural residues, animal residues, vegetable residues, biomass materials, and innovative waste materials are just a few of the terms used to describe biomass (poultry litter, coffee residues, mustard husks, and spice waste).

Biomass processing leftovers

Byproducts of all types of biomass processing with high energy potential. Solid wood products and log pulp, for example, result in bark, shavings, sawdust, and spent pulping liquors. These residues can be convenient and relatively inexpensive sources of biomass for energy because they are already collected at the point of processing.

Biome is a large component of a region's living habitat that is defined by its unique vegetation and maintained by local climatic conditions.

Biopharming

Pharmaceuticals, such as consumable vaccinations and antibodies, are produced in plants or domestic animals.

Biopower is the use of biomass as a fuel to generate electricity or heat through direct combustion, gasification, and then combustion of the resulting gas, or other thermal conversion processes. Engines, turbines, fuel cells, and other equipment are used to create electricity.

Biorefinery is a facility that processes and converts biomass into value-added products, such as biomaterials, fuels like ethanol, and key feedstocks for the production of chemicals and other materials.

Biological, social, and geographic elements, rather than geopolitical considerations, define a bioregion.

Plants and microorganisms are used to consume or assist in the removal of items (such as toxic chemical wastes and metals) from contaminated locations in bioremediation (especially from soil and water). 2. A natural process in which bacteria or other microorganisms break down a hazardous chemical, such as oil, into less dangerous compounds to cure environmental concerns.

Biota refers to all of the creatures found in a certain location, including animals, plants, fungi, and microbes.

1. A set of biological procedures created through basic research and currently used in product development and research. Recombinant DNA, cell fusion, and innovative bioprocessing techniques are all examples of biotechnology. 2. Any technological application that makes or modifies items or processes for a specific user using biological systems, living creatures, or derivatives thereof. 3. The application of living organisms or biological procedures developed through fundamental research in the industrial sector. Antibiotics, beer, cheese, insulin, interferon, recombinant DNA, and waste recycling are examples of biotechnology products.

Biotechnology-derived

To generate goods or impart specialized capabilities to plants or other living beings using molecular biology and/or recombinant DNA technologies or in vitro gene transfer.

Bioterrorism

Bioterrorism is a type of terrorism that uses biological agents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has created a list of biological diseases and agents that could be used in terrorism, and the list includes a large number of select agents — potential weapons whose transfer in the scientific and medical communities is regulated to keep them out of the hands of unfriendly people.

Blastocyst

About 150 cells in a preimplantation embryo. The blastocyst is made up of a sphere with an exterior layer of cells (trophectoderm), a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel), and a cluster of cells on the inside (the inner cell mass).

 Blastocyst Division

When a fertilized egg divides into a mass of 32 to 150 cells, it is said to be fertilized.

Blastomeres Separation

Separation of embryonic cells, known as blastomeres, for use in the production of several genetically identical creatures.

Body mass index (BMI) is an indirect measure of body fat that is derived by multiplying a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. [weight (lbs.)/(height in inches)2] x 703 = BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2). BMI-for-age, which is used to measure underweight, overweight, and risk of overweight in children and adolescents, is based on growth charts for age and gender and is referred to as BMI-for-age.

Booster doses

Additional vaccination doses are required regularly to "boost" the immune system. Adults, for example, should get the tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine every ten years.

Botanical

It's a plant-based item.

Nanotechnology from the ground up

Atom by atom or molecule by molecule, organic and inorganic structures are built.

Botulism

It's a type of food poisoning that causes muscle paralysis due to the nerve toxin botulinum (botox), which is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a bovine disease that is similar to sheep scrapie and is also known as mad cow disease. It's assumed to be caused by a prion, or tiny protein, that changes the structure of a normal brain protein, causing brain neuronal tissue to be destroyed.

Infection that has made a breakthrough

Despite a person's response to a vaccine, a disease develops.

Brucellosis

Fever, sweats, malaise, weakness, anorexia, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and back pain are all symptoms of Brucella, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Brucella.

Bt crops are genetically modified crops.

Crops that have been genetically modified to carry a gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis soil bacterium (Bt). Some pests are poisoned by the bacterium's proteins, while humans and other animals are unaffected. Crops with the Bt gene can manufacture the toxin, which protects the plant. Commercially available Bt crops include Bt corn and Bt cotton.

Bt toxins

Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal proteins in the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.

Buckminsterfullerene

A Bucky ball is a spherical made up of 60 carbon atoms.

Zone of buffering

The territory is on the outskirts of a protected area.