Molecular biology

 

Molecular biology

DEFINITION:

The study of the structure, function and makeup of the molecular building elements of life is known as molecular biology.

EXPLANATION:

It focuses on the interactions between a cell's numerous processes, such as the interplay between DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and how these relationships are controlled. Molecular biology, the most recent of the biosciences, is closely linked to biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology.

Molecular biology dates back to the 1930s when scientists sought to understand life's phenomena by examining the macromolecules that make it possible. Beginning in 1940, the breakthroughs in molecular biology occurred over a 25-y25 years study of the structure, function, and makeup of the molecular building elements of life known as molecular biology. It focuses on the interactions between a cell's numerous processes, such as the interplay between DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and how these relationships are controlled. Molecular biology, the most recent of the biosciences, is closely linked to biochemistry, genetics, and cell biology. Molecular biology dates back to the 1930s when scientists sought to understand life's phenomena by examining the macromolecules that make it possible. Beginning in 1940, the breakthroughs in molecular biology occurred over 25-ye25 years standing how molecules conduct metabolism, or how they process the energy required to sustain life, was another significant breakthrough. Molecular biologists may now investigate higher plants and animals using genetic engineering techniques, which opens up the possibility of modifying plant and animal genes to increase agricultural productivity. These techniques also paved the path for gene therapy to take off.

With the start of the now-completed Human Genome Project in 1990, an ambitious international endeavor in molecular biology began (HGP). Its mission was to find all 20,000 to 25,000 human genes and make them available for further scientific research.

Another goal of the study was to decipher the entire sequence of the three billion DNA components (bases in the human genome). Parallel studies on selected model species such as the bacterium E. coli and the mouse were conducted as part of the HGP to aid in the development of technology and the interpretation of human gene function. The HGP was co-sponsored by the Department of Energy Human Genome Program and the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SUBDISCIPLINES

Genomics Comparative

This is the study of human genetics through comparisons with model organisms including mice, fruit flies, and E. coli bacteria.

DNA Forensics is a branch of forensic science that deals with the study

This is when DNA is used to identify someone. The use of DNA in child support disputes, establishing paternity, establishing the presence of a suspect at a crime scene, and identifying accident victims are just a few instances.

Functional Genomics is a branch of genomics that studies how

This is the study of genes, the proteins that they produce, and the role that proteins play in the biochemical processes of the body.

Gene Therapy is a type of gene therapy that involves

This is a process for replacing, modifying, or augmenting nonfunctioning or misfunctioning genes with healthy genes in an experimental setting.

Genomics

The study of genes and their functions is referred to as genetics.

Genetics at the molecular level

The study of macromolecules that play a role in biological heredity.

Pharmacogenomics

This is the study of how a person's genetic composition interacts with their pharmacological reaction.

Proteomics

This is the study of a genome's complete set of proteins.

Structural Genomics is a branch of genomics that focuses on the structure

This is a project that aims to discover the three-dimensional structures of a large number of proteins using both experimental and computer simulation techniques.

Toxicogenomic

This is the study of how genomes react to stressors or toxicants in the environment.